Consequently, even when we face an eminently complex situation, such as the analysis of quantum phenomena that we attempt to formalize, we resort to primi-tive concepts deeply rooted in us, which Bohr called “classical,” even though these notions are fundamentally unsuitable for describing these phenomena.
It is quite likely that this is where the origin of cognitive dissonance lies, which manifests in the confrontation between the ontological silence of the formalism of quantum mechanics and our quest for meaning. The idea of Einstein, Bell, and others to complete quantum mechanics was an attempt to reduce it. But, in the face of the failure of this idea, various and diverse “interpretations” based on very strong philosophical or ideological assumptions, opposing views clash, each attempting to fill, in its own way, the gaps and silence of this formalism. This diversity reflects the richness of perspectives and also the human determination to fill the voids left behind. One can hope that new Einsteins, Bells, and Aspects will emerge to transform these interpretations into thought experiments, then laboratory experiments, thus paving the way for the genesis of a new ontology capable of reconciling our quest for explanation with the uniqueness of quantum phenomena. However, it is also possible that we have encountered a form of real-ity that is beyond human comprehension.
Notes
1 A medium that can be the vacuum.
2 It provides the general framework for all relativistic theories (see below).
3 Sometimes, the more general term quantum theory may be preferred, especially when it incorporates Einstein’s principle of relativity
4 The concept of the relativity of motion is already present in Galilean physics.
5 Or, to be more precise: the invariance by reference frame change of a speed c, which, if the photon has no mass, coincides with the speed of light (current experiments are compatible with a photon mass less than 10−54 kg).
6 Or, more simply, relativistic invariance.
7 Thus, the quantum version of electrodynamics has allowed the calculation of a quantity called the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, which, when compared to the experiment, presents an error of less than one billionth of the measured value.
8 This discovery is mainly attributed to Yukawa, Gell-Mann, and Zweig. The understanding of certain more formal aspects owes much to the contributions of ‘t Hooft and Veltman, Gross and Wilczek, and Politzer, in particular.
9 Once again, this is a collective work involving, in particular, Fermi and Wu.
10 Recently, theories have been proposed to maintain a classical form of gravitation, even within a framework that unifies the four fundamental interactions.
11 This is a theory in which gravity would not be a fundamental interaction, but could emerge from an underlying microscopic physics.
12 à une phase complexe près.
13 Specialized works are referred to for the definition of this concept, which is not essential here.
14 Here are some useful definitions for what follows: a eigenvector of an operator  is a non-zero vector |u⟩ such that the action of  on this vector preserves its direction. Therefore, this vector is only modified by a multiplicative factor a, called the eigenvalue of Â. We then have:Â|u⟩ = a|u⟩.
15 where n ranges, for example, over the set of natural integers.
16 A notable exception will be made for certain classical vibratory systems, particularly those defined on a finite space, where the frequencies or wavelengths can take discrete values.
17 Although in classical wave physics it is possible to superimpose two or more waves, lead-ing to the addition or subtraction of their amplitudes – the phenomenon of interference